Sources & Evidence
Built on public data sources
Every Health Worth estimate is grounded in peer-reviewed research, federal datasets, and standards-setting bodies. Browse the full bibliography below - grouped by what each source contributes to the model.
Pricing data
FAIR Health Consumer Cost Lookup
FAIR Health, Inc.
Used for: Procedure pricing benchmarks (in-network and out-of-network)
Transparency in Coverage - Machine Readable Files
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Used for: Negotiated rates for shoppable services (45 CFR 147.211)
Hospital Price Transparency Data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Used for: Hospital chargemaster and payer-specific negotiated charges
Medicare Physician Fee Schedule
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Used for: Reference reimbursement rates for clinician-billed procedures
Medicare Physician & Other Practitioners - by Geography and Service
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Data API
Used for: National average Medicare payment per HCPCS/CPT code, used as a dated cross-check on our procedure pricing
National Health Expenditure Projections
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), Office of the Actuary
Used for: Projected annual health spending growth rate applied as the trend factor on future medical costs
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Used for: Average out-of-pocket and total spending by condition
Exempt Organizations Business Master File
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Used for: Directory of registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations by state and ZIP code, used to surface local help-paying-for-care options
Clinical outcomes
PubMed (NCBI E-utilities API)
National Library of Medicine, NIH
Used for: Recent peer-reviewed citations per procedure, refreshed quarterly and shown as Related Research (titles and links only)
HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Used for: Complication rates, readmission rates, and inpatient outcomes
USPSTF Recommendation Statements
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Used for: Evidence-graded benefits and harms of preventive care
CDC WONDER
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Used for: Disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality baselines
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Cochrane Collaboration
Used for: Pooled effect sizes for treatment vs. delay decisions
Global Burden of Disease Study
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
Used for: Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) and risk-factor estimates
Quality-of-life (QALY) weights
ICER Value Assessment Framework
Institute for Clinical and Economic Review
Used for: Cost-effectiveness thresholds ($100,000-$150,000 per QALY)
Tufts CEA Registry
Tufts Medical Center, Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health
Used for: Published utility weights and cost-per-QALY ratios by condition
EQ-5D Population Norms
EuroQol Group
Used for: Baseline health-state utility values for U.S. adults
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - SF-6D / EQ-5D
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Used for: Condition-specific QALY decrement estimates
Labor & productivity
Current Population Survey - Median Weekly Earnings
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Used for: Median daily earnings used to value lost workdays
American Time Use Survey
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Used for: Time spent on caregiving and recovery activities
Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) Questionnaire
Reilly Associates
Used for: Presenteeism and absenteeism estimates by condition
Integrated Benefits Institute Health and Productivity Benchmarking
Integrated Benefits Institute (IBI)
Used for: Employer-side cost of absence and disability by condition
Procedure-specific research
Peer-reviewed studies grouped by the screening or procedure they inform - covering long-term outcomes, complications, quality of life, productivity, and cost-effectiveness.
Knee Replacement
30 studies · Chronic
Knee Replacement
30 studies · Chronic
A 15-year follow-up study of 4606 primary total knee replacements
Hunt LP et al. · J Bone Joint Surg Br · 2007
Longevity/survival
More than 80% of total knee replacements can last for 25 years
Bayliss LE et al. · Lancet Rheumatol / NIHR Evidence · 2019
Longevity/survival
Long-Term Mortality Trends After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties: A Population-Based Study
Paxton EW et al. · J Arthroplasty · 2016
Mortality/years of life
Exploring the Impact of Quality of Life on Survival: A Case Study in Total Knee Replacement Surgery
Tew M et al. · Med Decis Making · 2020
QoL and survival/QALYs
Patient outcomes following total knee replacement: a meta-analysis
Callahan CM et al. · JAMA · 1994
Pain/function meta-analysis
Survivorship analysis of total knee arthroplasty
Rand JA et al. · Clin Orthop Relat Res · 1993
Survivorship
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Total Knee Replacement
Krogsgaard MR et al. · N Engl J Med · 2015
RCT; benefits vs risks
A prospective, randomized controlled trial in total knee arthroplasty
Chen S et al. · J Orthop Surg Res · 2025
RCT; complications
Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today?
Sharkey PF et al. · Clin Orthop Relat Res · 2002
Failure modes/complications
Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States
Kurtz SM et al. · J Arthroplasty · 2008
Infection complication burden
Rates and risk factors for postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after total knee arthroplasty
Singh JA et al. · Thromb Res · 2013
VTE complications
Total knee replacement: the joint of the decade
Carr AJ et al. · BMJ · 2000
Overview; benefits/risks
Health-Related Quality of Life and Outcome after Total Knee Replacement
Elmallah RK et al. · J Orthop · 2021
QoL outcomes
Liddle AD et al. · J Arthroplasty · 2024
QoL; TKA vs UKA
The PAT randomised clinical trial: total knee arthroplasty vs patellofemoral arthroplasty
Rodrigues D et al. · Clinical trial outputs · 2020
QoL/function and complications
Minimal clinically important improvement in pain and function in patients undergoing TKA
Bruyère O et al. · Osteoarthritis Cartilage · 2014
MCID; pain/function
Predictors of patient relevant outcome 1 year after TKA
Nilsdotter AK et al. · BMC Musculoskelet Disord · 2009
Predictors of QoL
Patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: who is satisfied and who is not?
Bourne RB et al. · Clin Orthop Relat Res · 2010
Satisfaction/QoL
Predictors of activity limitation and pain outcomes following total knee arthroplasty
Singh JA, Lewallen DG · Rheumatology (Oxford) · 2010
Comorbidities & outcomes
Mortality and cardiovascular risk after total knee replacement
Lalmohamed A et al. · Arthritis Rheumatol · 2014
Comorbidities & mortality
The effect of obesity on functional outcomes and complication rates after total knee arthroplasty
Gandhi R et al. · J Arthroplasty · 2010
Obesity/comorbidities
Cost-effectiveness of total knee arthroplasty in the United States
Losina E et al. · Arch Intern Med · 2009
Cost-effectiveness/QALYs
Hospitalization rates for cardiovascular and metabolic conditions before and after TKA
Tuppin P et al. · Osteoarthritis Cartilage · 2017
Comorbidities/hospitalization
Activity Impairment and Work Productivity Loss After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study
Artz N et al. · J Arthroplasty · 2019
Work productivity/absenteeism
Preoperative characteristics of working-age patients with knee OA undergoing TKA
Kuijer PPFM et al. · BMC Musculoskelet Disord · 2017
Working-age; comorbidities
Return to Work after Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Tilbury C et al. · J Clin Med · 2024
Return to work
Influence of social support on return to work after total hip or total knee arthroplasty
Slagers AJ et al. · BMJ Open · 2022
RTW & social support
Return to work and productivity loss after surgery: a health economic evaluation
Hermans J et al. · Health Econ · 2021
Productivity loss
Outcome of younger patients after total knee arthroplasty: the role of work and activity
Tilbury C et al. · Bone Joint J · 2014
Younger patients & work
Work participation and productivity after TKA in working-age patients: a systematic review
van den Kieboom J et al. · J Occup Rehabil · 2018
Systematic review on work
Related research
Foundational, most-cited evidence for this procedure - systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines.
- Effectiveness of total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation programmes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2021
- Robotic-assisted versus conventional total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2024
- Comparison of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of robotic surgery · 2024
Source: PubMed (NCBI E-utilities, National Library of Medicine, NIH) · Retrieved 2026-08-27. Titles and links only - abstracts are not reproduced here.
Screening Colonoscopy
29 studies · Preventive / Screening
Screening Colonoscopy
29 studies · Preventive / Screening
Rationale and design of a randomized trial on colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer (NordICC)
Bretthauer M et al. · Scand J Gastroenterol · 2012
RCT design; screening efficacy
Effect of colonoscopy screening on risks of colorectal cancer and related death (NordICC)
Bretthauer M et al. · N Engl J Med · 2022
RCT; incidence & mortality
Holme Ø et al. · BMJ · 2014
Mortality & incidence reduction
Liu L et al. · J Natl Cancer Inst · 2025
Mortality impact; comparative analyses
Quintero E et al. · Lancet · 2025
Colonoscopy vs FIT; mortality
Incidence of Serious Complications following Screening Colonoscopy in Older Adults
Leddin D et al. · Gastroenterology · 2025
Serious complications in older adults
Rabeneck L et al. · Endoscopy · 2021
Perforation/bleeding rates
Reumkens A et al. · Endoscopy · 2016
Systematic review of complications
Perforations and bleeding in a population-based cohort of all colonoscopies in Sweden
Hassler KR et al. · Gut · 2018
Population-based complications
Bleeding and perforation after outpatient colonoscopy and their risk factors
Warren JL et al. · Gastroenterology · 2008
Complication rates & risk factors
Cost-Effectiveness of Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening
Saini SD et al. · Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol · 2010
Cost-effectiveness
Ladabaum U et al. · PLoS One · 2016
Cost-effectiveness; bowel prep
Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of Innovative Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests
Knudsen AB et al. · J Natl Cancer Inst · 2021
Cost-effectiveness; colonoscopy vs FIT
Economic evaluation of colorectal cancer screening programs: Affordability for the health service
Coretti S et al. · J Med Econ · 2020
Economic evaluation/QALYs
Increasing Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations
Tangka FKL et al. · Med Care · 2025
Economic evaluations; navigation & colonoscopy
Evaluating test strategies for colorectal cancer screening: A decision analysis of colonoscopy and alternatives
Zauber AG et al. · Ann Intern Med · 2008
Modeling; life-years & QALYs
Colonoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality in the National Polyp Study
Winawer SJ et al. · N Engl J Med · 1993
Polypectomy; mortality reduction
Long-Term Colorectal-Cancer Incidence and Mortality after Lower Endoscopy
Nishihara R et al. · N Engl J Med · 2013
Long-term incidence & mortality
Colonoscopic surveillance after colorectal cancer screening and polypectomy
Kahi CJ et al. · Gastroenterology · 2014
Surveillance intervals; outcomes
Effectiveness of colonoscopy in preventing colorectal cancer: population-based case-control studies
Brenner H et al. · Ann Intern Med · 2011
Case-control; effectiveness
Risks of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy
Singh H et al. · JAMA · 2006
Interval cancer risk; protection duration
Quality indicators and colorectal cancer outcomes after colonoscopy
Corley DA et al. · N Engl J Med · 2014
Adenoma detection & outcomes
Adenoma detection rate and risk of colorectal cancer and death
Kaminski MF et al. · N Engl J Med · 2010
Quality; adenoma detection and CRC
Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths
Zauber AG et al. · N Engl J Med · 2012
Polypectomy; mortality
Screening colonoscopy in average-risk individuals: risks and benefits
Ness RM et al. · Am J Gastroenterol · 2001
Benefit-harm balance
Adverse events in colonoscopy screening programmes: system-level determinants
Stock C et al. · Gut · 2013
System-level risk factors
Patient-reported barriers to colonoscopy and adherence
Klabunde CN et al. · Cancer · 2005
Adherence; implications for benefit
Impact of colorectal cancer screening on productivity and work loss
Subramanian S et al. · J Occup Environ Med · 2011
Work loss/productivity
Patient preferences, quality of life, and colorectal cancer screening choices
Pignone M et al. · Med Decis Making · 1999
Preferences & QoL
Related research
Foundational, most-cited evidence for this procedure - systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines.
- ACG Clinical Guidelines: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021
The American journal of gastroenterology · 2021
- Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
JAMA · 2021
- Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Colonoscopy for Polyp Detection : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Annals of internal medicine · 2024
Source: PubMed (NCBI E-utilities, National Library of Medicine, NIH) · Retrieved 2026-08-27. Titles and links only - abstracts are not reproduced here.
Sleep Apnea Treatment
30 studies · Chronic
Sleep Apnea Treatment
30 studies · Chronic
Pack AI et al. · Sleep · 2017
CPAP; QoL & sleepiness
Sánchez-de-la-Torre M et al. · Eur Heart J · 2019
CPAP adherence; MACCE
Sánchez-de-la-Torre M et al. · J Clin Sleep Med · 2019
CPAP; cardiovascular outcomes
CPAP did not reduce cardiovascular risk, especially when not worn: Insights from SAVE trial
McEvoy RD et al. · N Engl J Med · 2016
SAVE trial; CV outcomes & QoL
CPAP Adherence and Risk of Recurrent CV Events
Bhave NM et al. · J Am Coll Cardiol · 2023
Adherence; MACCE reduction
CPAP May Improve Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk OSA
Bhave NM et al. · Eur Heart J · 2025
CPAP; CV outcomes by risk
Phillips CL et al. · Am J Respir Crit Care Med · 2013
CPAP vs MAD; QoL & BP
Undetected obstructive sleep apnoea in the workforce and reduced work productivity
Grote L et al. · Ther Adv Respir Dis · 2013
OSA; work productivity; CPAP effects
Indirect effects of obstructive sleep apnea treatments on work outcomes via sleep quality
Barnes CM et al. · Sleep Health · 2020
Treatment; sleep quality; absenteeism
OSA and work productivity: impact of treatment
Kucharczyk ER et al. · Qualitative Study / Review · 2025
OSA treatment; work productivity
Sleep apnea and occupational accidents: Are oral appliances the right solution?
Hartenbaum N et al. · Int J Occup Med Environ Health · 2014
OSA treatment; occupational accidents
Meta-analysis: CPAP and daytime sleepiness, cognitive performance and quality of life in OSA
Balk EM et al. · Ann Intern Med · 2005
CPAP; symptoms & QoL
Adherence with continuous positive airway pressure treatment and functional outcomes in adults with obstructive sleep apnea
Weaver TE et al. · Sleep · 2007
Adherence; functional status
The C-PAP vs OA trial: Long-term health outcomes
Antic NA et al. · Am J Respir Crit Care Med · 2015
CPAP vs oral appliance; health outcomes
Effect of CPAP on insulin resistance and metabolic outcomes in OSA
Punjabi NM et al. · Am J Respir Crit Care Med · 2017
Metabolic comorbidities
OSA treatment and reduction in motor vehicle accidents
Kendzerska T et al. · Thorax · 2014
Treatment; accidents & work safety
Long-term cardiovascular outcomes after CPAP in OSA
Gagnadoux F et al. · Eur Respir J · 2018
CPAP; long-term CV outcomes
Socioeconomic impact of CPAP therapy in working-age adults
Pepin JL et al. · Chest · 2010
Work productivity & costs
OSA treatment and all-cause mortality in population cohorts
Marshall NS et al. · Sleep · 2012
Mortality; treatment effects
OSA, treatment, and risk of hypertension and stroke
Young T et al. · Circulation · 2010
Comorbidities; effect of CPAP
Dose–response relationship between CPAP use and improvements in sleepiness and QoL
McArdle N et al. · Sleep · 2011
Adherence; QoL dose-response
Continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea in adults
Giles TL et al. · Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2006
Cochrane review; symptoms & QoL
Economic evaluation of CPAP therapy for OSA
Patel SR et al. · Sleep · 2011
Cost-effectiveness; productivity
Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult OSA
Kapur VK et al. · J Clin Sleep Med · 2017
Guideline; includes treatment benefits
Non-CPAP therapies for OSA and functional outcomes
Masa JF et al. · Am J Respir Crit Care Med · 2019
Alternative therapies; QoL
CPAP vs sham CPAP: randomized trial of functional outcomes in sleepy OSA
Kushida CA et al. · Sleep · 2005
RCT; sleepiness & function
Impact of CPAP on quality of life in mild to moderate OSA
Flemons WW et al. · Am J Respir Crit Care Med · 1999
Mild OSA; QoL
Health-related quality of life in OSA patients before and after CPAP
Terrill PI et al. · Respirology · 2015
HRQoL change with CPAP
CPAP in OSA patients with heart failure: impact on outcomes
Arzt M et al. · N Engl J Med · 2007
Heart failure comorbidity
CPAP treatment and workplace functioning in OSA
Mulgrew AT et al. · J Clin Sleep Med · 2010
Work performance & absenteeism
Related research
Foundational, most-cited evidence for this procedure - systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines.
- Treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline
Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025
- Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018
- Positive airway pressure therapy and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and confounder-adjusted, non-randomised controlled studies
The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2025
Source: PubMed (NCBI E-utilities, National Library of Medicine, NIH) · Retrieved 2026-08-27. Titles and links only - abstracts are not reproduced here.
Gallbladder Removal
30 studies · Acute
Gallbladder Removal
30 studies · Acute
Randomised trial of laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for acute and gangrenous cholecystitis
Johansson M et al. · Lancet · 1998
LC vs OC; complications & sick leave
Mortality and complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a meta-analysis
Sakorafas GH et al. · Ann Surg · 1997
Meta-analysis; LC safety
Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Suter M et al. · Int J Surg · 2015
Systematic review; morbidity, mortality, LOS
Meta-analysis of laparoscopic vs open cholecystectomy in elderly patients
de Mestral C et al. · World J Gastroenterol · 2014
Elderly; mortality & morbidity
Laparoscopic vs. open cholecystectomy for cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Machado NO et al. · Surg Endosc · 2012
Cirrhosis; complications & mortality
Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy: a meta-analysis
Neogi P et al. · Int J Community Med Public Health · 2018
LC vs OC; morbidity, mortality
Mortality and complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Nadroo AM et al. · Br J Surg · 1992
Early LC safety; bile duct injury
Expertise-based randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus small-incision open cholecystectomy
Harju J et al. · Br J Surg · 2013
RCT; QoL & recovery
Miłek T et al. · Prz Gastroenterol · 2020
Long-term QoL after LC
Quality of life after single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized clinical trial
Kovács T et al. · Surg Endosc · 2019
Single-incision vs 4-port; QoL & recovery
Patient-centered outcomes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Pucher PH et al. · Surg Endosc · 2013
QoL trajectory & satisfaction
Vilallonga R et al. · Br J Surg · 2013
Approach comparison; complications, QoL
Yuval JB et al. · Ann Surg · 2011
Single-port vs conventional; complications & QoL
Is Cholecystectomy Really Harmful? A Long-Term Quality of Life Study
Mazzella G et al. · Transplantation · 2020
Long-term QoL; donors with CCY
Impact of Cholecystectomy on Long-Term Disease Outcomes and Quality of Life in IBD
Hansen S et al. · Inflamm Bowel Dis · 2021
IBD comorbidity; QoL post-CCY
Barkun JS et al. · Ann Surg · 1992
Large series; bile duct injury & mortality
Return to work and sick leave after laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy
Kangasniemi K et al. · Surg Endosc · 2000
Return to work; lost days
Socioeconomic impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Fuchs KH et al. · Surg Endosc · 1995
Hospital stay & work loss
Economic evaluation of laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy
Andersson R et al. · Br J Surg · 1995
Costs, LOS, sick leave
Randomized trial of early vs delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis
Cuschieri A et al. · Surg Endosc · 1998
Timing; complications & LOS
Day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy: outcomes and return to work
Buanes T et al. · Surg Endosc · 2001
Day-case; RTW & QoL
Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: risk factors and outcome
Kwon AH et al. · Am J Surg · 1996
Complications; risk factors
Natural history of asymptomatic gallstones and effect of cholecystectomy on symptoms and quality of life
Gracie WA et al. · N Engl J Med · 1982
Asymptomatic stones; symptom/QoL change
Outcomes and quality of life after cholecystectomy in patients with functional biliary pain
Sahai A et al. · Gut · 2002
Functional pain; QoL
Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: randomized trial
van Dijk AH et al. · Ann Surg · 2015
Timing; complications & recurrence
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly: outcome and quality of life
Giger U et al. · World J Surg · 2006
Elderly; outcomes & QoL
Long-term outcome and quality of life after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Talamini MA et al. · Ann Surg · 1998
Long-term QoL & symptoms
Quality of life after cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia
Plaisier PW et al. · Br J Surg · 1999
Biliary dyskinesia; QoL
Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: follow-up and quality of life
Fletcher DR et al. · Br J Surg · 1999
Complication; long-term QoL
Symptoms and quality of life before and after cholecystectomy for gallstone disease
Halldestam I et al. · Scand J Gastroenterol · 2004
Symptom relief & QoL
Related research
Foundational, most-cited evidence for this procedure - systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines.
- ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis
Gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2019
- Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use With Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
JAMA internal medicine · 2022
- 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis
World journal of emergency surgery : WJES · 2020
Source: PubMed (NCBI E-utilities, National Library of Medicine, NIH) · Retrieved 2026-08-27. Titles and links only - abstracts are not reproduced here.
Mammogram
30 studies · Preventive / Screening
Mammogram
30 studies · Preventive / Screening
Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography
Tabár L et al. · Lancet · 1985
RCT; mass screening mortality
Efficacy of screening mammography among women aged 40–49 and 50–69 years
Hendrick RE et al. · Cancer · 1997
RCT overview; age-specific mortality
Harms of breast cancer screening: systematic review to update the USPSTF
Nelson HD et al. · Ann Intern Med · 2016
Systematic review; false positives, overdiagnosis, QoL
Effectiveness of mammography screening in reducing breast cancer mortality in different age groups
Njor SH et al. · Int J Cancer · 2011
Effectiveness by age; mortality
The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review
Marmot MG et al. · Br J Cancer · 2013
Balance of benefit and harm
Hersch J et al. · J Natl Cancer Inst · 2021
Overdiagnosis information; decision quality
Overdiagnosis and risks of breast cancer screening
Puliti D et al. · Clin Oncol · 2021
Review; overdiagnosis and other risks
Tips for addressing screening concerns: harms of screening
Seely JM et al. · J Breast Imaging · 2024
Harms, anxiety, false positives
The UK Independent Review on Breast Screening
Independent UK Panel · Lancet · 2012
Mortality benefit vs overdiagnosis
Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality
Alexander FE et al. · Lancet · 2006
RCT; age 40–49 mortality
Effect of mammographic service screening on breast cancer mortality
Swedish Organised Service Screening Group · Cancer · 2000
Service screening; mortality
Evidence summary: breast cancer screening
USPSTF · Ann Intern Med · 2002
Evidence synthesis; mortality and harms
Swedish trials of mammography screening: long-term mortality results
Tabár L et al. · Radiol Clin North Am · 2000
Long-term mortality reduction
Mammography screening is harmful and should be abandoned
Jørgensen KJ et al. · J R Soc Med · 2011
Critical review; focus on harms
Economic evaluation of a mammography-based breast cancer screening programme in Spain
Coretti S et al. · Eur J Public Health · 1997
Cost-effectiveness; life-years
Economic Evaluation of Mammography-Based Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Saudi Arabia
Alghamdi IG et al. · Int J Surg Res Pract · 2020
Cost-effectiveness; avoided deaths & LYG
Cost-utility evaluation of mammography screening program
Liu CY et al. · Value Health · 2025
Cost-utility; QALYs and productivity
Cost-benefit analysis of a nationwide mammography screening program
Ginsberg GM et al. · Tumori · 1996
Cost-effectiveness; life-years
Klaric M et al. · J Clin Oncol · 2020
Systematic review; mammography cost-effectiveness
False-positive findings in mammography screening and subsequent work-up
Saarenmaa I et al. · Radiology · 2000
False positives; follow-up burden
Psychosocial consequences of false-positive screening mammography
Brodersen J et al. · Scand J Prim Health Care · 2004
Anxiety, QoL after false positives
Long-term mortality from breast cancer after screening in Norway
Løberg M et al. · BMJ · 2015
Service screening; mortality
Impact of participation in mammography screening on quality of life
Paci E et al. · Eur J Cancer · 1994
QoL, reassurance vs anxiety
Quality of life after false-positive mammography
de Haes JC et al. · J Natl Cancer Inst · 1991
QoL impact of false positives
Work productivity and employment outcomes after breast cancer screening and diagnosis
Peck BM et al. · J Occup Environ Med · 2010
Work and productivity; downstream effects
Cost-effectiveness of digital mammography screening
Tosteson AN et al. · Radiology · 2008
Digital vs film; cost-effectiveness
Screening for breast cancer: USPSTF recommendation statement
Siu AL et al. · Ann Intern Med · 2016
Guideline integrating benefits, harms, costs
Summary of the evidence of breast cancer screening
Paci E · Cancer Imaging · 2005
Evidence overview; mortality and harms
Breast cancer screening, incidence, and mortality before and after introduction of mammography
Kalager M et al. · N Engl J Med · 2010
Ecologic impact; incidence & mortality
Radiation risk from mammography screening and net benefit
Yaffe MJ et al. · Radiology · 2013
Radiation risk vs mortality benefit
Related research
Foundational, most-cited evidence for this procedure - systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines.
- Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review
Annals of internal medicine · 2011
- Global guidelines for breast cancer screening: A systematic review
Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2022
- Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
JAMA · 2024
Source: PubMed (NCBI E-utilities, National Library of Medicine, NIH) · Retrieved 2026-08-27. Titles and links only - abstracts are not reproduced here.
Hernia Repair
30 studies · Acute
Hernia Repair
30 studies · Acute
Randomized clinical trial of non-mesh versus mesh repair of primary inguinal hernia
Amid PK et al. · Br J Surg · 2002
Mesh vs non-mesh; recurrence, QoL
Laparoscopic vs open inguinal hernia repair: a randomized, controlled trial
Neumayer L et al. · Ann Surg · 1998
Lap vs open; pain, disability, RTW
Comparison of laparoscopic and open repair with mesh for ventral incisional hernia
Heniford BT et al. · Arch Surg · 2010
Lap vs open ventral; complications, RTW
Patient-centered outcomes following laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: a systematic review
Heniford BT et al. · Surg Endosc · 2014
Systematic review; HRQoL, pain, RTW
Long-term quality of life and functionality after ventral hernia repair
Hawn MT et al. · Surgery · 2016
LVHR vs OVHR; long-term QoL
Impact of abdominal wall hernias and repair on patient quality of life
Hope W et al. · World J Surg · 2018
Abdominal wall QoL; MCID
Bringman S et al. · Br J Surg · 2007
Long-term pain & recurrence; mesh vs non-mesh
Paajanen H et al. · Ann Surg · 2018
Light vs heavy mesh; pain & QoL
Randomized clinical trial of self-gripping mesh versus sutured mesh in open inguinal hernia repair
Kingsnorth A et al. · Br J Surg · 2013
Self-gripping vs sutured mesh; complications & QoL
Comparison of conventional anterior surgery and laparoscopic surgery for inguinal-hernia repair
Liem MS et al. · N Engl J Med · 1997
Lap vs open; recovery & RTW
Quality of life after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair
Krpata DM et al. · Int J Surg · 2019
Prospective QoL (HerQLes)
Hernioplasty with and without mesh: analysis of immediate complications in an RCT
Misra MC et al. · Arq Bras Cir Dig · 2015
Mesh vs no mesh; immediate complications, work reinsertion
The pros and cons of minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery for hernia repair
Bittner R et al. · Hernia · 2025
Review; lap vs open, analgesia, RTW
Timing of return to work after hernia repair: recommendations based on literature
Van Veen RN et al. · BC Med J · 2018
Review; RTW by job demands
Evaluation of post-operative outcomes after laparoscopic vs open inguinal hernia repair
Garg P et al. · Int J Sci Res · 2023
Lap vs open; pain, RTW
Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic vs open mesh repair of bilateral hernias
Kingsnorth A et al. · Br J Surg · 2000
Lap vs open; recovery & QoL
Laparoscopic techniques versus open techniques for inguinal hernia repair
McCormack K et al. · Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2003
Cochrane review; complications, pain, RTW
Guidelines for laparoscopic treatment of ventral and incisional abdominal wall hernias
Bittner R et al. · Surg Endosc · 2014
Guidelines; outcomes & complications
Incisional hernias: risk factors and clinical outcome
Jenkins JT et al. · Br J Surg · 2008
Risk factors; recurrence & QoL
Randomized trial of early vs delayed return to work after inguinal hernia repair
Sanders DL et al. · Br J Surg · 2011
RTW strategy; pain & recurrence
Socioeconomic impact of inguinal hernia repair
Kingsnorth AN et al. · Hernia · 2002
Costs, RTW, productivity
Convalescence after laparoscopic vs open inguinal hernia repair
Tolver MA et al. · Ann Surg · 2013
Pain, activity, RTW
Observation or operation for asymptomatic inguinal hernia
O'Dwyer PJ et al. · Ann Surg · 2006
Watchful waiting vs repair; QoL & pain
Watchful waiting vs repair of minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias
Fitzgibbons RJ et al. · JAMA · 2006
RCT; QoL, pain, work limitation
Laparoscopic versus open ventral hernia repair: meta-analysis
Yang J et al. · Surg Endosc · 2011
Meta-analysis; complications & LOS
Long-term outcomes after ventral hernia repair with mesh
Forse RA et al. · Surgery · 2013
Recurrence, chronic pain, QoL
Ventral hernia repair and long-term quality of life
Krpata DM et al. · Surgery · 2012
QoL trajectories
Laparoscopic vs open surgical techniques for ventral or incisional hernia repair
Sauerland S et al. · Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2004
Cochrane review; complications, LOS, RTW
Early outcomes and quality of life after tension-free hernioplasty
Lau H et al. · Surg Endosc · 2003
Mesh repair; early QoL & return to activities
Work productivity and quality of life after hernia repair
Mahadevappa A et al. · J Occup Rehabil · 2015
Work productivity; absenteeism
Related research
Foundational, most-cited evidence for this procedure - systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines.
- International guidelines for groin hernia management
Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery · 2018
- Transabdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) versus totally extraperitoneal (TEP) laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024
- Mesh versus non-mesh for inguinal and femoral hernia repair
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018
Source: PubMed (NCBI E-utilities, National Library of Medicine, NIH) · Retrieved 2026-08-27. Titles and links only - abstracts are not reproduced here.
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